{"id":3505,"date":"2023-10-17T15:14:32","date_gmt":"2023-10-17T15:14:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/assedel.org\/?p=3505"},"modified":"2024-03-30T15:14:28","modified_gmt":"2024-03-30T15:14:28","slug":"gang-violence-how-do-we-get-haiti-out-of-the-crisis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/assedel.org\/fr\/gang-violence-how-do-we-get-haiti-out-of-the-crisis\/","title":{"rendered":"Violence des gangs: comment sortir Ha\u00efti de la crise?"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>Haiti, <em><strong>\u201cthe pearl of the Antilles\u201d<\/strong><\/em><strong>, <\/strong>doit faire face depuis plusieurs ann\u00e9es \u00e0 une tr\u00e8s forte instabilit\u00e9 politique. Sa capitale, Port-au-Prince, est sous l\u2019emprise des gangs qui chaque jour tuent, kidnappent, violent et instaurent un climat de terreur dans le pays. Le parlement est dysfonctionnel, le dernier chef d\u2019\u00c9tat, Jovenel Mo\u00efse, a \u00e9t\u00e9 assassin\u00e9 \u00e0 son domicile, et la police, sous-\u00e9quip\u00e9e face \u00e0 des bandits surarm\u00e9s, est impuissante [1]. Ceux qui y vivent ont dress\u00e9 des plans divisant la ville entre les zones \u00e9pargn\u00e9es des gangs et celles o\u00f9 il ne faut jamais s\u2019aventurer. La moindre erreur peut \u00eatre fatale: plus de 60% de la ville est contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par des factions arm\u00e9es qui n\u2019h\u00e9sitent pas \u00e0 tuer froidement hommes, femmes et enfants [2]. Pr\u00e8s de la moiti\u00e9 de la population souffre de la famine et le Chol\u00e9ra a fait son retour sur l\u2019\u00eele [3]. En d\u2019autres termes, Ha\u00efti est aujourd\u2019hui confront\u00e9 \u00e0 une des plus grandes crises de son histoire. L\u2019ASSEDEL fait le point sur les (tr\u00e8s) nombreuses violations des Droits humains commises sur le territoire des Cara\u00efbes et les solutions avanc\u00e9es par l\u2019ONU et les experts.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"799\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/assedel.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/haiti-1-799x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3506\" srcset=\"https:\/\/assedel.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/haiti-1-799x1024.png 799w, https:\/\/assedel.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/haiti-1-234x300.png 234w, https:\/\/assedel.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/haiti-1-768x984.png 768w, https:\/\/assedel.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/haiti-1-1199x1536.png 1199w, https:\/\/assedel.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/haiti-1-360x461.png 360w, https:\/\/assedel.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/haiti-1.png 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 799px) 100vw, 799px\" \/><\/figure><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\"><strong>La situation des droits humains \u00e0 Ha\u00efti<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00c0 Ha\u00efti, <em><strong>\u201call human rights <\/strong><\/em>[\u2026] <em><strong>are being violated\u201d <\/strong><\/em>said William O\u2019Neill, Independent Expert on the situation [4]. The UN and Amnesty International have drawn up a list of these violations:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Depuis octobre 2022, 2 800 assassinats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9nombr\u00e9s par le Haut-Commissariat des Nations Unies aux droits de l\u2019homme (HCDH) [5];<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Entre janvier et octobre 2022, ce sont plus de 1 000 personnes qui ont \u00e9t\u00e9 kidnapp\u00e9es par des gangs [6];<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-medium-font-size\">En octobre 2022, le HCDH a publi\u00e9 un rapport qui met en \u00e9vidence l\u2019utilisation du viol et d\u2019autres formes de violence sexuelle par les gangs comme un moyen de semer la terreur et d\u2019\u00e9tendre leur influence. De plus, les personnes de la communaut\u00e9 LGBTI+, qui sont souvent marginalis\u00e9es et rejet\u00e9es au sein de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 ha\u00eftienne, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 particuli\u00e8rement vis\u00e9es [7];<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Selon le Programme alimentaire mondial, environ 4,7 millions d\u2019Ha\u00eftiens sont en situation de crise ou d\u2019urgence alimentaire [8];<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-medium-font-size\">D\u2019apr\u00e8s Volker T\u00fcrk, Haut-Commissaire des Nations Unies aux droits de l\u2019homme, une personne sur deux \u00e0 Ha\u00efti n\u2019a pas d\u2019acc\u00e8s r\u00e9gulier \u00e0 l\u2019eau potable [9];<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-medium-font-size\">La libert\u00e9 de la presse est \u00e9galement gravement menac\u00e9e. Les d\u00e9fenseurs des droits humains et les journalistes qui op\u00e8rent sur l\u2019\u00eele exercent leur profession au p\u00e9ril de leur vie. En septembre 2022, deux journalistes qui enqu\u00eataient \u00e0 Cit\u00e9 Soleil ont \u00e9t\u00e9 assassin\u00e9s, et leurs corps ont \u00e9t\u00e9 incendi\u00e9s, comme en a fait \u00e9tat le Comit\u00e9 pour la protection des journalistes [10];<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-medium-font-size\">De nombreux demandeurs d\u2019asile ha\u00eftiens ont \u00e9t\u00e9 contraints de quitter le pays par voie maritime, ce qui a entra\u00een\u00e9 des trag\u00e9dies de noyades. [11].<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\"><strong>Une intervention humanitaire va avoir lieu<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>Au-del\u00e0 de la violence elle-m\u00eame, l\u2019ONU d\u00e9plore l\u2019impunit\u00e9 des gangs sur le territoire. Entre autres, l\u2019affaire de l\u2019assassinat du dernier pr\u00e9sident Jovenel Mo\u00efse n\u2019avance pas et l\u2019ins\u00e9curit\u00e9 des juges est un probl\u00e8me [12]. Pour faire face \u00e0 cette situation dramatique, le Conseil de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 des Nations Unies a autoris\u00e9 l\u2019envoi d\u2019une force multinationale \u00e0 Ha\u00efti le 2 octobre dernier [13]. Les objectifs: le r\u00e9tablissement rapide et durable des institutions publiques dans les zones exemptes de gangs, une r\u00e9forme profonde du syst\u00e8me judiciaire et p\u00e9nitentiaire et la traduction en justice des auteurs de ces crimes \u00e0 Ha\u00efti [14]. Il est aussi consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme essentiel de renforcer la coop\u00e9ration internationale pour intensifier les contr\u00f4les aux fronti\u00e8res en vue d\u2019\u00e9radiquer le commerce et le trafic ill\u00e9gal d\u2019armes [15]. Cette force multinationale compos\u00e9e de policiers et de militaires sera conduite par le Kenya [16].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\"><strong>Une r\u00e9ponse insuffisante?<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>While the Kenyan multinational force is a source of hope for the international community, some experts remain highly sceptical about the chances of success of the blue helmets in Port-au-Prince. ASSEDEL asked Jean-Marie Th\u00e9odat \u2013 a lecturer at Panth\u00e9on-Sorbonne University and founder of the Laboratoire des Relations Ha\u00eftiano-Dominicaines \u2013 for his views on the matter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cThe Kenyan solution is neither sufficient nor credible\u201d, says the expert. \u201c<strong>Insuffisante <\/strong>for several reasons. Firstly, because 1,000 police officers will not be enough to keep at bay the 150 gangs, made up of several dozen members, that are sowing terror in the Haitian capital; these police officers are not armed to take on individuals with an arsenal of war. What\u2019s more, a one-year operation is not enough to pacify the scene. The previous UN mission lasted 13 years, with the result we know: as soon as the peacekeepers left, the gangs were back in action\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u201cNot credible <\/strong>means that Haitians do not feel confident. Kenya appears to be the last available contender to lead the UN force after all the countries that could have, and should have, taken the lead on this issue for reasons of obvious geographical and historical proximity (e.g. the USA, France, Canada, Brazil, etc.). Kenya is doing so in exchange for substantial financial aid. Haiti appears to be a bargaining chip between the USA and a reliable ally. At a time when the USA is seeking to reposition itself in the Indo-Pacific, Kenya is a strategic anchor. What\u2019s more, the previous stabilisation and intervention missions in which Kenya has been involved around the world (Kosovo, Sierra Leone, Somalia) have not been entirely effective in this area.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cTo be credible, such a mission must be accompanied by a legal component to clean up the political, economic and social scene. The gangs are the manifestation of the mafia networks that have taken control of the metropolitan territory, and whose tentacles also extend to the provincial towns. The Augean stables must be cleaned out to make way for the new republic. If the Kenyan mission could help in this, <strong>ce serait un miracle.\u201d<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Laurent Dubois, in his article for MSNBC [17], is no more optimistic about the UN\u2019s response. In his view, the situation in Haiti will only improve if <strong>the United States adopts <\/strong>a <strong>more open immigration policy<\/strong>. Historically, Haitians have been particularly badly treated by US immigration policy. They have rarely been granted refugee status despite the horrors they have faced [18]. Between September 2021 and May 2022 alone, the US authorities repeatedly used the \u201cTitle 42\u201d mechanism to deport more than 25,000 individuals of Haitian origin to their country of origin [19]. Yet the adoption of a more open immigration policy would offer Haitians access to employment, security and educational opportunities that are very limited in their country of origin. The most effective form of foreign aid already comes from migrant remittances, which directly support Haitian families and communities. Contrary to popular belief, many Haitian migrants choose to earn money in the United States and then return home to invest in their native country. This phenomenon would spread if they were allowed to travel freely between Haiti and the United States. This lack of opportunities fuels the recruitment of young people into armed groups and keeps people trapped in a difficult situation [20]. Given the urgency of the problems in Haiti, it may seem paradoxical to focus on long-term decisions and policies. However, given the ineffectiveness of the UN\u2019s actions between 2004 and 2017 and the concern surrounding the new Kenyan multinational force, it is necessary to imagine, right now, a political action that has a real chance of profoundly transforming the situation of the Haitian people.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-post-author\"><div class=\"wp-block-post-author__avatar\"><img alt='' src='https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/ce46f08c3e6816d6fe04e0aa450c6c16faf111286fab40fb27a92207b75c70d8?s=48&d=mm&r=g' srcset='https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/ce46f08c3e6816d6fe04e0aa450c6c16faf111286fab40fb27a92207b75c70d8?s=96&d=mm&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' \/><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-post-author__content\"><p class=\"wp-block-post-author__name\">assedel<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"quote has-cyan-bluish-gray-color has-text-color has-small-font-size\">[1] BBC (2022), <em>\u201cHaiti: Inside the capital city taken hostage by brutal gangs<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-latin-america-63707429\"><u>\u201d https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-latin-america-63707429<\/u><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"quote has-cyan-bluish-gray-color has-text-color has-small-font-size\">[2] BBC (2022); Le Monde (2023), <em>\u201cLe Kenya prend la t\u00eate de la future force en Ha\u00efti, \u00e0 la demande des Etats-Unis<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/afrique\/article\/2023\/10\/02\/le-kenya-prend-la-tete-de-la-future-force-en-haiti-a-la-demande-des-etats-unis_6192062_3212.html\"><u>\u201d https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/afrique\/article\/2023\/10\/02\/le-kenya-prend-la-tete-de-la-future-force-en-haiti-a-la-demande-des-etats-unis_6192062_3212.html<\/u><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-cyan-bluish-gray-color has-text-color has-small-font-size\">[3] BBC (2022)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"quote has-cyan-bluish-gray-color has-text-color has-small-font-size\">[4] ONU Info (2023), <em>\u201cLa situation des droits humains en Ha\u00efti est dramatique, selon un expert<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/news.un.org\/fr\/story\/2023\/06\/1136552\"><u>\u201d https:\/\/news.un.org\/fr\/story\/2023\/06\/1136552<\/u><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"quote has-cyan-bluish-gray-color has-text-color has-small-font-size\">[5] Le Monde (2023), <em>\u201cLe Kenya prend la t\u00eate de la future force en Ha\u00efti, \u00e0 la demande des Etats-Unis<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/afrique\/article\/2023\/10\/02\/le-kenya-prend-la-tete-de-la-future-force-en-haiti-a-la-demande-des-etats-unis_6192062_3212.html\"><u>\u201d https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/afrique\/article\/2023\/10\/02\/le-kenya-prend-la-tete-de-la-future-force-en-haiti-a-la-demande-des-etats-unis_6192062_3212.html<\/u><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-cyan-bluish-gray-color has-text-color has-small-font-size\">[6] BBC (2022)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"quote has-cyan-bluish-gray-color has-text-color has-small-font-size\">[7] Amnesty International (2022), <em>\u201cHaiti: the human rights situation<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/fr\/location\/americas\/central-america-and-the-caribbean\/haiti\/report-haiti\/\"><u>\u201d https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/fr\/location\/americas\/central-america-and-the-caribbean\/haiti\/report-haiti\/<\/u><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-cyan-bluish-gray-color has-text-color has-small-font-size\">[8] <em>ibid.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"quote has-cyan-bluish-gray-color has-text-color has-small-font-size\">[9] ONU Info (2023), <em>\u201cLa situation en Ha\u00efti est d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9e mais il est possible de renverser la donne, selon l\u2019ONU<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/news.un.org\/fr\/story\/2023\/02\/1132197\"><u>\u201d https:\/\/news.un.org\/fr\/story\/2023\/02\/1132197<\/u><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-cyan-bluish-gray-color has-text-color has-small-font-size\">[10] Amnesty International (2022)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-cyan-bluish-gray-color has-text-color has-small-font-size\">[11] <em>ibid.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"quote has-cyan-bluish-gray-color has-text-color has-small-font-size\">[12] Le Monde (2023), <em>\u201cHa\u00efti : la situation de crise face aux violences, \u00e0 l\u2019impunit\u00e9 et \u00e0 la corruption \u201d s\u2019est encore aggrav\u00e9e \u201c, selon l\u2019<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/international\/article\/2023\/09\/27\/haiti-la-situation-de-crise-face-aux-violences-a-l-impunite-et-la-corruption-s-est-encore-aggravee-selon-l-onu_6191315_3210.html\"><u>ONU\u201d https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/international\/article\/2023\/09\/27\/haiti-la-situation-de-crise-face-aux-violences-a-l-impunite-et-la-corruption-s-est-encore-aggravee-selon-l-onu_6191315_3210.html<\/u><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"quote has-cyan-bluish-gray-color has-text-color has-small-font-size\">[13] Le Monde (2023), <em>\u201cLe Kenya prend la t\u00eate de la future force en Ha\u00efti, \u00e0 la demande des Etats-Unis<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/afrique\/article\/2023\/10\/02\/le-kenya-prend-la-tete-de-la-future-force-en-haiti-a-la-demande-des-etats-unis_6192062_3212.html\"><u>\u201d https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/afrique\/article\/2023\/10\/02\/le-kenya-prend-la-tete-de-la-future-force-en-haiti-a-la-demande-des-etats-unis_6192062_3212.html<\/u><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-cyan-bluish-gray-color has-text-color has-small-font-size\">[14] Le Monde (2023), <em>\u201cHa\u00efti : la situation de crise face aux violences, \u00e0 l\u2019impunit\u00e9 et \u00e0 la corruption \u201d s\u2019est encore aggrav\u00e9e \u201c, selon l\u2019ONU\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-cyan-bluish-gray-color has-text-color has-small-font-size\">[15] ibid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-cyan-bluish-gray-color has-text-color has-small-font-size\">[16] Le Monde (2023), <em>\u201cKenya takes the lead of the future force in Haiti, at the request of the United States\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-cyan-bluish-gray-color has-text-color has-small-font-size\">[17] MSNBC (2023), <em>\u201cHaitians need an open door more than a military intervention\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-cyan-bluish-gray-color has-text-color has-small-font-size\">[18] <em>ibid<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-cyan-bluish-gray-color has-text-color has-small-font-size\">[19] Amnesty International (2022)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-cyan-bluish-gray-color has-text-color has-small-font-size\">[20] MSNBC (2023)<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Haiti, \u201cthe pearl of the Antilles\u201d, has hadto contend with extreme political instability for several years now. Its capital, Port-au-Prince, is in&#8230;<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3499,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"give_campaign_id":0,"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[28],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-3505","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-opinion-eng"},"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":["https:\/\/assedel.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Venture-Into-the-Woods1.png",1200,675,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/assedel.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Venture-Into-the-Woods1-150x150.png",150,150,true],"medium":["https:\/\/assedel.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Venture-Into-the-Woods1-300x169.png",300,169,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/assedel.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Venture-Into-the-Woods1-768x432.png",768,432,true],"large":["https:\/\/assedel.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Venture-Into-the-Woods1-1024x576.png",1024,576,true],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/assedel.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Venture-Into-the-Woods1.png",1200,675,false],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/assedel.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Venture-Into-the-Woods1.png",1200,675,false],"trp-custom-language-flag":["https:\/\/assedel.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Venture-Into-the-Woods1.png",18,10,false],"inhype-blog-thumb":["https:\/\/assedel.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Venture-Into-the-Woods1-1140x675.png",1140,675,true],"inhype-blog-thumb-grid":["https:\/\/assedel.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Venture-Into-the-Woods1-555x360.png",555,360,true],"inhype-blog-thumb-widget":["https:\/\/assedel.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Venture-Into-the-Woods1-220x180.png",220,180,true],"inhype-blog-thumb-masonry":["https:\/\/assedel.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Venture-Into-the-Woods1-360x203.png",360,203,true]},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"assedel","author_link":"https:\/\/assedel.org\/fr\/author\/assedel\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"Haiti, \u201cthe pearl of the Antilles\u201d, has hadto contend with extreme political instability for several years now. Its capital, Port-au-Prince, is in...","amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/assedel.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3505","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/assedel.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/assedel.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/assedel.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/assedel.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3505"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/assedel.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3505\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4492,"href":"https:\/\/assedel.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3505\/revisions\/4492"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/assedel.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3499"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/assedel.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3505"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/assedel.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3505"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/assedel.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3505"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}